How To Launch An ICO

There has been a lot of confusion on what an initial coin offering is (ICO — also sometimes called a token generation event or token sale), what kinds of companies an ICO can be used for, and what goes into launching an ICO — from a project’s perspective.

Given the blockchain industry is relatively new, there isn’t a whole lot of information on the topic (from a project’s perspective), and with each new ICO, teams are learning best practices on what to do and what not to do.

Pre-Planning

1. Planning (Token, Whitepaper, Website, Communication, etc)
2. Before the ICO
3. After the ICO
4. Running the project post-ICO.

Pre-planning

The biggest two questions you need to think about first are:

1. What is the purpose of the token?
2. Are you sure you want to do an ICO?

Token

• What is the purpose of the token?
• What function or utility does it perform?
• Is the token absolutely necessary?
• Why does your project need to be on the blockchain?
• Can you describe a viable economic model behind it?

If your application doesn’t need to be built on top of a blockchain protocol, you should think hard before moving forward. For example, the computational costs of building an application on top of Ethereum is much more expensive than something like AWS. You need to have a strong reason for why you are building a decentralized application vs. a centralized application.

If you are unsure whether your application should be built on the blockchain or not, you should do more research and spend more time learning about Bitcoin and Ethereum. Building a decentralized application is fundamentally different than an application using client-server architecture, and you’ll need to fully understand the components of a blockchain and what can be built on top of this new architecture.

ICO

An ICO is fundamentally different than raising money through VC’s or other traditional means.

On one-hand, you are selling future usage of your platform (not giving up equity). On the other-hand, you are becoming a public company on day one. You’ll have a huge community you’ll need to manage post-ICO, and you need to make sure you want to deal with this burden beforehand.

Here are a few things to keep in mind while thinking through whether your project should do an ICO in the first place:

• Everything you do and all the actions you take will be reflected in the price of the token.
• Your team will get bombarded non-stop, multiple times a day, with questions about the price of your token.
• You’ll need to be a international company from day one.
• All of your internal team discussions will likely be pushed publicly.
• There will be great stress in trying to build things that are long-term valuable vs. short-term valuable.
• If your product isn’t open sourced already, there will be a huge backlash to become completely open sourced. There is a strong expectation that many blockchain projects are open-sourced projects.
• In general, cryptocurrency projects are way more public/transparent than typical startups, or even traditional public companies.
• In general, good blockchain projects look and function much more like open-sourced software projects vs. traditional tech businesses. You and your team will have to decide both whether your application makes sense to be built on a blockchain + you want to operate as a transparent and open company.

Planning

Once you are ready and committed to doing an ICO, the core components in planning are deciding on the offering, whitepaper, token design, legal, precautions against the inevitable hackers, and being prepared for communication (website, slack, social, press, interviews, etc).

Offering

1. The most important question is: How much do you want to raise? & Why?
2. The second most important question is: What do you want to accomplish with the particular distribution method you are choosing?

Considerations:

• For your ICO — Are you trying to raise the most amount of money? Are you trying to build a broad base of supporters? Are you trying to target a specific profile of potential users? Are you trying to incentivize developers to build on top of your platform? etc.
• Other questions to think about
• Allocation — What % are you giving to your team, investors, partners, reserving for the ecosystem, reserving for the company/foundation?
• Where will the money that you raise go to? You should have an annual budget for the next 5 years.
• Do you want a cap? If so what cap will you set? This depends on the amount you are targeting to raise (see the first question).
• Do you want to do a pre-sale?
• Depending on the goals of your raise, a pre-sale can be used as both social proof + getting tokens to the people who you most want to align in your ecosystem. The downside of a pre-sale is it does favor certain people/groups over the participants in the general crowdsale.
• If you are doing a pre-sale, you should look into building a specific reservation contract for the pre-sale to reserve a specific amount of allocation for each of the pre-sale buyers and being transparent about who participated in the pre-sale and at what price.
• If you do decide to do a pre-sale, you’ll also need to think about what % of allocation is distributed in the pre-sale in relation to the % you are selling in the crowdsale.

For the ICO itself

• What currencies will you accept? (BTC, ETH, anything else?)
• Do you want to do a pre-registration? (It’s becoming more common for crowdsales to do some form of “Know your Customer” (KYC) for people who want to participate)
• Do you want to do the KYC process yourself or use a service like Civic?
• Depending on your goals, do you want to split an even number of tokens for all registrants or via first come first serve? With first come first serve, you run the risk of having a small number of people buying up the majority of your tokens.
• Will you be offering rewards for getting in early? Tiered pricing?
• How long will your offering be for? (1 day, 3 days, a week, etc).
• Will you be geo-fencing? (excluding specific countries from participating e.g. sanctioned countries — seeing more projects exclude both US and Chinese investors)
• Will the tokens be released right after the token sale is complete? If not, when?
• Will you allow funds/institutional investors to invest or only individuals?

In general, you want to have a well thought out and crafted offer in which all of the information is presented to the person looking to participate in your ICO. The worst offenders are projects which obfuscate key information (for ex. Hidden hard caps, or not being transparent about the token allocation), and projects that change terms mid-fundraise.

Doing either of these things might give you more funding in the short-term but will seriously deteriorate your reputational capital in the long-term.

Whitepaper

• The whitepaper is where everything above comes together and is synthesized in one key document. The whitepaper should cover all of the inner workings of your application, how the whole system works, and how the token will be used within the system.
• Ideally your whitepaper would include all of the technical information about your project, all of the token allocation information, and all of the relevant information about your team.
• This one document should give a prospective contributor a full picture of your application and give them enough information to make an informed decision.
• Technical whitepapers are hard and can easily take 200+ hours of work from the whole team in a very short period of time. This is also the one document where your team has to take ownership in creating this document, and the bulk of it cannot be outsourced — editors can help clean it up, but your team needs to write the bulk of the document.

Once you complete your whitepaper, I would highly encourage you to get detailed feedback from respected figures in the crypto space and field you are working in, as well as the core demographic you are targeting for your ICO — and incorporate relevant changes before proceeding.

Legal

• You’ll need a reputable law firm who has experience with incorporating blockchain companies/foundations and running an ICO process — to advise you on your process.
• The biggest legal question you’ll need to answer is: Is the token you are offering during the ICO a security or not?
• What do you need to do to alleviate the concerns that the token may be a security?

Other legal considerations:

• Will you be using a SAFT?
• Are you geo-fencing the offering?
• Are you setting up a foundation to be a steward of the token?

This guide doesn’t contain any legal advice so be sure to talk to a lawyer who has been through this process before.

Communication
In general, the communication strategy for your team will encompass of all of the channels you will use to communicate about your project (website, whitepaper, slack, social, etc). All of your channels need to be in sync, your whole team needs to be on deck, and you need to respond to people on time.

It’s a huge task, and here are some of the key components:

Website, which includes:

• Landing page for the crowdsale (separate from your main product page if you have one already)
• In general well designed pages do better in ICOs
• Whitepaper (See the whitepaper section above)
• Team — Each team member needs a clear and updated LinkedIn profile because potential contributors will be doing due diligence on each member of the team.
• Advisors — Each advisor needs a clear and updated LinkedIn profile because potential contributors will be doing due diligence on each member of the team.
• A potential red flag to contributors is when there are more advisors than team members.
• Previous investors (If any)
• Budget — Can include in whitepaper or as a separate section on the website. Need to have clarity on where the funding is going towards, and how long it will be projected to last.
• Roadmap — Can include in whitepaper or as a separate section on the website.
• Token allocation — Can include in whitepaper or as a separate section on the website. Need to be transparent about what you are selling, terms of the ICO, and terms of the pre-sale (if applicable). At a minimum, potential contributors need to be able to calculate their effective market cap and understand what the circulating & total supply will be.
• Contribution details — To be released when the ICO/pre-ICO is ready. (Be careful as this section could be hacked and the contribution address could be changed to a hacker’s address. See the “security” section below.)
• Links to social accounts (see social media section below)
• Translations (see translation section below)

Internal communication channel (Slack, Rocket Chat, Riot, etc)

• Need to have a main communication channel and the team needs to be active there.
• Strongly consider hiring a community manager full-time to moderate the communication channel you choose. This community manager can also act as the bridge between the larger community and your internal team.
• Need to setup the channels properly and moderate heavily. Examples channels: Announcements, Developers, General, Random, Support, and Scam Alerts (to be able to notify all users of potential scams)
• The main channel that teams use right now is Slack but there are a few major cons about Slack for crypto projects including: 1) Slack isn’t meant for large group communication 2) It’s easy to hack the Slackbot and scam users 3) It’s easy to direct message users and send out false announcements and contribution messages. Read more about the downsides of slack for cryptocurrency projects here.

BitcoinTalk

• Create a bitcointalk announcement of the token.

Reddit

• Own your own subreddit, brand it, and put in a few posts.

Newsletter

• Setup a newsletter on your website.
• Email is the best way to directly share important info with potential contributors on the day of the ICO.

Blog

• Need to have a clean, updated blog ideally with a history of posts already.

Twitter

• Need to have a clean updated Twitter account.
• Example: https://twitter.com/Blockomaze

Advertising

• Will you do paid advertising?
• This is a personal decision your team needs to make. In general, the teams that advertise look weaker.

Public relations

• Press — Getting into both crypto publications + general news.
• Interviews — Q&A, speaking engagements, tech talks, etc.
• Events — Conferences, meetups, technical talks, dinners, online Q&A sessions, etc.
• Podcasts — Epicenter, Unchained, Ether Review, etc.

Translation

• Foreign language translations require real commitment.
• Not only do you need to translate your whitepaper and website, but you’ll need to translate all of the changes and announcements going forward. You might even need to hire someone to manage the translations for Q&A and inquiries on various social channels.
• If you do decide to translate — what languages will you be targeting? (Chinese/English seem to be the most common.)

Community Management

• Need to have extra people on staff ready to answer questions. On all channels, all of the time.
• The more successful your ICO is, the more community support you will need.
• In general, you want to have a sustained presence on the web well before your ICO, during your ICO, and well after your ICO. Potential contributors need to know that your team is serious and in it for the long-term.

Smart contract / Blockchain / Wallets

• What blockchain will you be using? ERC20 token?
• Need to create the smart contract well in advance.
• If you do a pre-sale and ICO, you’ll need two smart contracts plus additional considerations if you are planning to do a reservation contract.
• Security audit on the smart contract — You need to do this well ahead of time and publish the results. Your entire fundraise is predicated on this smart contract so it needs to be 100% correct. If it’s only 99% correct, you leave yourself open to potential hackers.
• To be extra safe, some projects now have multiple parties do their own independent audits and publish all of the individual results.
• Setup a bug bounty.
• Need to setup the wallet you will receive the ICO payments. The safest options are hardware wallets or even multi-sig hardware options.
• Depending on what currency you accept, you might need more than one setup.

Before the ICO

• Registration — If you are doing a registration system based ICO, release all of the details and have people register beforehand.
• Create a tutorial for the registration.
• Release a tutorial video and tutorial blog post on how to participate.
• Create explainer videos to show how to purchase tokens. You need at least a semi-professional 2–3 minute video with professional voice talent. Set this to private and don’t release it till the day of the ICO.
• Watch out for all potential hackers.
• Write blog posts about every step of the process.
• Livestream video Q&A
• Community management x100, be ready — you will get an enormous amount of questions leading up to the ICO.

Day of the ICO

• Community management x1000, be ready. On the day of and the days leading up to your ICO, the whole team is basically going to need to be on call 24/7.
• Watch out for all attack vectors — shut down Slack if you need to.
• Remind people to NOT send in their contributions from an exchange, they need to send it in from a wallet in which they control the private keys.
• Keep sharing the tutorial videos you have created for how to participate. Limit the sources of truth to one place where people find the information they need to contribute.
• Livestream at the completion of the ICO.

After the ICO

After the ICO the top two questions you will get are:

1. Where are my tokens?
2. What exchange are you going to be listed on?

Where are my tokens?

• This is easily the number one question. Create a tutorial video (for all combinations of wallets) and post it to all of your channels.
• For the people who sent their contribution from an exchange, you’ll need to respond back to them. Unfortunately their contribution is most likely gone because they needed to send their contribution from a wallet that they controlled.

Running the project

• Constant communication — Now that you have a community of 1,000’s of people (if not more) with their own money invested in your project, you will be bombarded daily with questions. The blessing and curse of a community that really cares, is now you have very high expectations to live up to.

Fiscal policy

• Fiscal policy is the buying, spending, freezing, discounting, and burning of tokens. If you retain a lot of tokens in the treasury, people will wonder when those will flood the market. If you pay people in tokens with no vesting, they can dump them. If you pay in locked-up tokens, you will also have to supplement those with some cash. All of this requires clear communication, so people know what’s coming.
• In addition, how the tokens are taxed for the team, advisors, investors, etc. need to be communicated early on. You need to think about compensation plans for employees and advisors early on.
• Moreover, if large institutional buyers participated in your pre-sale, there is a large risk they will dump a large portion of their holdings depending on how well the ICO goes. If you do allow institutional investors, you need to decide if you will enforce lockup periods for them or not. Above all, the most important thing is you need to be transparent on what is going on.

Monetary policy

• Monetary policy is: How many tokens there are, how divisible they are, and the inflation/deflation policy you have set. Need to be clear and transparent with the policy you set, and if you ever make any changes to it.

Following all of these won’t make an ICO successful, but hopefully it shares better insight on the process as a whole from the perspective of the project team owners.

Fundraising through an ICO vs. fundraising through equity isn’t any easier, it’s just different. As a team you really want to make sure that a token sale is the best thing for your company because if you do an ICO for the wrong reasons, you’ll be stuck with the consequences for a very long time.

There is a company, LeewayHertz, which can help you in launching your ICO services. This firm holds the highly technically creative team. They have hands-on apps, smart contracts build.

They have developed their cryptocurrency, with the launch of an ICO. They have highly working projects on Ethereum, HyperLedger Fabric and r3Corda.

They have benchmarked the position for Enterprise Blockchain and Peer-to-Peer Blockchain with their extent of information gathering and processing.

They also own their own ICO services which are embedded with its white paper and other services.